The World Should Not Sit On The Idea Of Chivalry - 1299 Words

Chivalry is not just an idea; it is a necessity of life. The world should not sit on the idea of chivalry. The world should take action and live up to the definition of it. The people of society should be honest with people close to them, respectful to those around them, and committed to what is important to them. Without a code of chivalry, the world has no sense of direction. In today’s society, people are dishonest with themselves and others. People who are dishonest cannot be trusted and ruin relationships with people close to them. For example, politicians are dishonest with citizens in order to get what they want. Jena McGregor, a journalist for the â€Å"Washington Post†, stated, â€Å"Even the ‘typical American’ was seen as more honest and less selfish than government officials were.† Government officials are commonly dishonest in order to be elected. They tell the world what the world wants to hear, not what they are really going to do as a public leader. Most people, who are dishonest, lie to protect themselves and not the feelings of others. Once lying has taken control, trust vanishes. One who has misled others cannot be trusted or relied on. Most liars, who are no longer trusted, play the victim and only feel as though they are the ones being mentally distressed. However, friendships are broken because of lies being told. According to ‘Daily Dose’, a website, â€Å"An honest enemy is better than a friend who lies.† When a friend, someone who is supposed to always be thereShow MoreRelatedHistorical Analysis Of Of Beowulf s Poem, Beowulf, Sir Gawain, King Arthur And Other Legends918 Words   |  4 Pagesexample. Beowulf comes across as arrogant and bigheaded, but Anglo-Saxon society valued the daring and confident young man who was proud of his actions and could use his past experiences and journeys to motivate himself toward future success. Our modern world leans towards modesty rather than arro gance. Anglo-Saxon society also believed in a concept of revenge that resulted in a vicious cycle. If someone killed one of your men, you were obligated to avenge their death, but then that group could come backRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1480 Words   |  6 Pagesoften idolized, but they remained in a male-dominated society, where they were not respected as their own capable beings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is heavily laced with the Knight’s â€Å"Code of Honor,† namely the idea of chivalry. During this time, the chivalric code gave men the idea that women could not achieve much, so these men needed to achieve it for them. Women in Arthurian times, as well as throughout the rest of cultural history, were seen as the downfall of men. Compared to Eve from BiblicalRead MoreAnalysis Of John Gardner s The And The Brave Universe 1642 Words   |  7 Pageshimself, not sit still rhymes, then nobody comprehends him by any stretch of the imagin ation, thinks Grendel, perceiving the disparity amongst reality and the brave perfect (53). His thrashing of Unferth imprints the typical demolition of courage, at any rate in his mind; Such a great amount for chivalry, he finishes up (90). Indeed, even Grendel s presence would appear to discredit the ideas of the Shaper, who lectures the ethics of honor and valor. In the event that the world depends on goodRead MoreLanval and Sir Gawain and The Green Knight Essays1154 Words   |  5 PagesMarie De France’s Lanval is a remarkable short narrative that engages the reader into a world filled with unrealistic elements, but enhances on the true meaning of romance, chivalry and nature during the years that King Arthur reigned. â€Å"Sir Gawain and The Green Knight† unfortunately does not have an author that can be recognized but this epic poem demonstrates the ghastly adventure of a knight who decides to defend the honor of young King Arthur against a supernatural being in this malicious gameRead MorePaganism In Beowulf1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthe tale attempts to impart the early teachings of Christianity to the listener. Although Beowulf is the hero, he is a hero imbued with superhuman strengths that are a direct correlation to paganism. He is very representative of many of the old ideas, chief among these is pride. Moreover, as Beowulf is regarded to be a â€Å"Christ-like† incarnation, his pride, especially regarding fame and fortune is brought to the forefront. In lines 1386 – 1388, he states â€Å"†¦we must earn some renown, if we can,Read MoreDisposition in the Face of Adversity: an Analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight2040 Words   |  9 Pagesturbulence, reform, and revolution yet the idea of Knighthood remained ever so stead-fast. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is an acclaimed Middle English poem published by an unknown author that highlights the preponderance of the English tradition. Sir Gawain is a knight belonging to the Arthurian court whose deference to his Lord and fidelity to the chivalric code are tested through a mysterious journey. In Sir Gawain and t he Green Knight, the poet emphasizes the idea that people must adhere to a specificRead More The Importance of Reading Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesmore by past British writers and they remain to this day my preferred choice of books. This is not to say that I am not a fan of the more modern author on the contrary, I read all genres and believe that each have their own additions to the literary world. However, none of them can compare to my all time favourite author, Jane Austen. First introduced to her when I was about twelve years old, I was instantly captured by her style of writing and her personal background. She is the most famous feministRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight5387 Words   |  22 PagesThe Role of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In the Fourteenth Century, Feudalism and its offspring, chivalry, were in decline due to drastic social and economic changes. In this light, _Sir Gawain and the Green Knight_ presents both a nostalgic support of the feudal hierarchies and an implicit criticism of changes, which, if left unchecked will lead to its ultimate destruction. I would suggest that the women in the story are the Gawain poets primary instruments in this critique andRead MoreEssay on Anaylsis of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell1096 Words   |  5 Pageston. Here he is describing how slow they could move to consummate their love if there were no pressure of time. As all Cavalier poets, he supports the statement of carpe diem, or seize the day, that is an extension to the Renaissance code of chivalry. Today, the speakers speech may seem sexist in its attitude toward women and irresponsible in its attitude toward the coy mistress (the speaker doesnt explain how he would seize the day if the woman became pregnant, for example). The mistressRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of The Handmaids Tale1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Critical Analysis of â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale.† In this dystopia novel, it reveals a remarkable new world called Gilead. â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale,† by Margaret Atwood, explores all these themes about women who are being subjugated to misogyny to a patriarchal society and had many means by which women tried to gain not only their individualism and their own independence. Her purpose of writing this novel is to warn of the price of an overly zealous religious philosophy, one that places women in such a submissive

Equality Between Women And Women - 1673 Words

It has been a long and hard journey in Canada to attain gender equality between men and women. Women’s rights have changed dramatically over the past century from women not being persons, to having almost full equality between men and women. Saskatchewan feminism has followed a very similar path as Canada. The Women’s Suffrage Movement has given women the right to vote, and the Persons Case has given women the right to be appointed to Senate. The Famous Five were the women who lead the Persons Case, as well as many other victories. The Canadian Labour Movement has helped attain equality in workplaces, and the gender pay gap is the inequality difference that men and women make for the same work. Gender stereotypes are overlooked†¦show more content†¦The New Democratic Party (NDP) provincial government from 1971-1982 created women s rights a public interest when they revoked the most intolerable forms of discrimination against women such as pension, matrimonial r ights, and other such issues. However they were not supportive of women who were against traditional women roles (housewife, childcare, etc.) and were undecided with matters involving women’s access to abortion, and support for day and child care. In 1982 the Conservatives, who had selected he first female Cabinet members in the province were elected. During their time serving as government, shelters and rape crisis centres designated the most of their attention, as budget cuts and feminist ideas became subjective subjects of the province. Overall, feminism in Saskatchewan has been up and down, but the 1960s was when feminism really started to grasp Saskatchewan s attention. Women’s Suffrage was the struggle for women to have the right to vote and run for political office. In 1884 women who were widows or were unmarried were granted a limited franchise in Ontario while married women were not only unable to vote, but also could not own property or hold public office, because they were not officially persons . During World War One, women were bound to their country by law, yet they had no political voice or opinion that mattered. Suffragists were people that agreed that women should have the

Jim bob Essay Example For Students

Jim bob Essay I had just divorced my third wife, Cherie. She was a plain woman with almost no outstanding characteristics about her at all. I married her because she was quite different from my first two wives and because I didnt want to grow old alone. Also, I couldnt cook. Cherie could cook, however, all of her dishes were very plain. This should not have surprised me. I stood along the riverbank behind my house and reflected on my marriages. It was early November, 1985. The Canada geese always flew overhead this time of year, and this evening was no different. They flew low to the ground at 5:36 p.m. coming in to a landing in their misshapen V. I watched them settle in for the evening. There was irony in the fact that each of my wives had been fascinated by the geese, and I was by no means oblivious to this. I knew they would be gone by tomorrow afternoon. My river was one of their favorite motels; a guaranteed stop on the long trip south. I turned my back to the riverbank (much like I had turned my back on Cherie) and walked back up the hill to my house. The following afternoon, as I looked out the kitchen window, I was surprised to see one of the geese remained. It was flying in a circle, alone, above the river. I was curious, but the day was a dreary one, and I opted against exploring. Instead, I sat at the table and watched the bird through the window. Something about its solitude struck me and made me sad. I poured myself a whiskey and tried not to think about Cherie. A few hours later I sat in front of the television. Growing Pains was on channel five, and I tried to pay attention. That family made me sick. No one on the television ever got divorced back then. I clicked off the set and went upstairs for a nap. When I awoke, something made me go down to the kitchen. It was dark outside, and I couldnt see the goose. I looked around for the Maglight in my messy pantry, and when I found it, I slipped my feet into the boots by the door. I remember that making my way down to the riverbank was treacherous because the grass was slick with rain. As I approached, I heard a sound coming from a bush near the bank. I shone my flashlight in the direction of the noise. It was the goose. I was certain I had frightened her, but she didnt even appear to notice me. She looked past me dully, and then hung her head and continued mourning. When I got closer, I could see that she was standing over the body of another goose. I remembered reading somewhere that geese mat e for life. Leave us alone, she said. She said it with such force and certainty that I had no choice to turn on my heels and return to the house. I got out of my boots, threw the flashlight on the couch, and went up to the attic. My grandfather had given me an old set of encyclopedias a few years before, and I was fairly certain they were stuffed away somewhere. I needed to find out more about the goose. Almost half an hour later, I found what I had been looking for. I took the dusty book downstairs to the den and settled in. What I learned was disturbing. Geese do indeed mate for life. Typically, when one dies, the other remains with the body. The saddened goose will not eat, often flying in a circle above its lovers body until overcome with exhaustion. The goose will die in a matter of days, usually only a few yards from its mate. I was not oblivious to the distinct difference between the gooses loyalty to its mate and my lack of it. I could not help myself, I had to see the goose again. .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 , .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 .postImageUrl , .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 , .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5:hover , .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5:visited , .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5:active { border:0!important; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5:active , .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5 .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3ac1664c6426277f1f7ca39e3fa193c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Road Not Taken and the Journey of Life Road No EssayI went back to the riverbank. It must have been 2:30 a.m. It didnt matter, I couldnt have slept if I tried. When the goose saw me, she unleashed her grief on me. I felt the pain of her voice and the sorrow was felt deep down. Why are you bothering me? Cant you see that I am mourning? she screeched at me. I just want to understand. How can you love someone so much? Youll die here, move on!You are all the same! she replied. You marry and then divorce. Your love is only surface love! You dont know the meaning of the word! We are one and I am already dead. Her words struck me and I walked back to the house slowly. I have not had a decent nights rest since. I toss on the mattress and bang at the pillow. I had three chances at happiness, and kicked dust at them all. Maybe the geese are right after all. My wives had loved the geese, and I had barely given a thought to them. Maybe they saw something I didnt. Now I must learn how to cook, but for some reason my dishes are always plain. Bibliography:

The Medias Construction of our Identity free essay sample

This paper examines the way the media aids in the construction of identities. This paper examines the way the media aids in the construction of identities. The author argues that the media controls certain images present on television, newspapers and other forms of communication, which shape stereotypes and identities. The paper focuses on the depiction of the Asian population with a careful analysis of the stereotyping of Asian men. While watching the news on television, one may notice a skewed proportion of Asian men to Asian women. A close examination will show that Asian women fill the roles of news anchors, while Asian males are situated as field reporters. Asian men and womens education and experience have no function in the determination of these roles. Things are never what they appear to be; the just American society does not practice equality. Although one may imagine that talent and education determine ones compatibility for the spotlight, the fact is image plays the most important role. We will write a custom essay sample on The Medias Construction of our Identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yen Le Espiritus concept of controlling images help to explain how the media portrays Asian men with such a negative identity that it creates what Stuart Hall calls positions of identification, or predetermined roles that they are confined within. The controlling images present in television, newspaper, and other mediums of communication construct negative stereotypes for Asian men, creating for them an identity that is unfavorable for television news. From the images present in the media, Asian men construct for themselves a position of identification: one with no association with television news.

Wakandas Finest Professor Ramos Blog

Wakandas Finest Wakanda’s Finest The Black Panther movie is a superhero movie unlike any other with its breathtaking art and culture. The movie has a diverse cast something you rarely see in Marvel superhero movies. This movie also focuses on worldwide controversial topics such as human trafficking and racial history. Many people thought that a movie with a minority cast couldn’t do big-time Hollywood blockbusters, let alone superhero movies, but this movie proved those critics wrong it made 631 million domestically in ticket sales and grossed 1.3 worldwide. This move showed just how open audiences can be towards a culturally and socially aware movie, even if it has a minority cast.   From the African drums to the cool futuristic planes this movie keeps you on your heels for excitement. This movie is worth watching for its innovation, it’s cinematography and its culturally relevant message. The movie like all Marvel movies was based on a comic book written by the late Stan Lee. Black Panther debut in 1966 Fantastic Four issue called â€Å"Adventure to Wakanda†. The place where our hero’s homeland and the main story is held is called Wakanda, a fictional futuristic African city. Where Wakanda is truly different from normal African cities is that it was never touched by Europeans and other foreigners, which gives a viewer the idea of what would have happened to African’s countries if foreigners didn’t come in and take over. In America, there are a lot of social problems that affect its people. Black Panther goes into depth with these problems which is very surprising for a Marvel movie. It comes out at a perfect time because the social and political tension is so high. It gives the viewer a fresh sense of the change that needs to take place in order for things to get better.   It also gives the minority boy or girl a superhero that they can look up to. This movie had the hype, especially in the black community. Famous African American such as Kendrick Lamar and TDE bought out 3 cinemas for kids to see and T.I. gave out 300 tickets for people to see the film. LeBron James called it one of the greatest movies he has ever seen and was very needed in the times we’re in. This is just a little taste of the hype the movie brought but did it live up to it? As far as box office sales the movie went far beyond expectations by grossing 1.3 billion dollars in revenue. When it comes to the quality of the movie we first need to know what makes a movie good. According to msfilms.org in an article called â€Å"5 Things that Make a Good Film† by Penny Forles gives an idea of what a good film is. Penny first states that a good movie needs good characters and Black Panther delivers. First, with our hero T’Challa with his funny charm and noble cause,is as good of a hero as can be. It only makes everyone root for the guy. Then the story gives us villains who are likeable such as Ulysses Klaue and Erik Killmonger. Klaue is the cartoon-like villain who’s trying to make some money whereas Killmonger brings us a different look at the everyday Marvel villain. Killmonger’s ideals will have the viewer thinking and wondering if he is really in the wrong. The Second item necessary to having a good movie is a simple plot which thi s movie has. Not to Spoil it, but it is the simple hero fall and rise in order to save the world plot. Forles states â€Å"that a plot of a movie can make or break a film so you don’t what it too complex†. The Next item in Forles essay is the theme which is also simple in this movie. The theme changes from beginning to end and that’s how the viewer who has watched this film will leave. The fourth Item is attention to details which this movie does well in the form of the African culture and accents to the fantastic soundtrack. Lastly, Forles thinks movies should have a good ending which once again this movie does. It has one of the best final villain speeches in all of the Marvel films and a hero’s heartwarming show of change and hope. The film even gives a reference to the actual Black Panthers Party, a civil rights group who originated in Oakland California in 1966. Their purpose was to patrol the African American neighborhoods and protect them from police brutality. The black panthers also help the poor African American’s giving them food, clothes and educating them. They would carry around guns and watched any police arrest in the neighborhood making sure that the African American being arrested had their rights observed. This was because during that time, when America had just begun to develop its civil rights laws, and the country was in a worse state racially than it is today. Their founder and leader, Huey Newton, who was a man that was willing to die for what he believed in, also compare to a character in the Black Panther movie. Surprisingly it’s not the hero, it’s the villain Erik Killmonger. Killmonger’s ideals compare to the Black Panther Party in many ways. Both of their or igins are in Oakland and that they want to better the black community. They also wanted to use revolution as a method in order to achieve their adjective, although the Black Panther Party was more civil with their approach at first. The movie has you leaving the theater with a sense of sadness, especially if you’re an African American because you know his views were right but it his method was wrong. That is also why critics say he the most complexed Marvel villain. The final verdict of the movie Black Panther it is an 8 out of 10. Although it has a good story and plot the film still felt rushed. The CGI for the final fight scene felt lackluster and not as good as the other fight scenes. The villain Klaue was wasted potential compared to how the character is in the comics. There are also major plot holes but the good outweighs the bad.   This film is worth watching because it’s a fun and happy time. It has its flashy moments for the kids and a deep story for the adults. If the Director Ryan Coogler was to see this review he would appreciate the fact that I noticed the references about the Black Panther Party and the social massages in his film. Black panther picture https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwjc88W3sZbfAhUCOn0KHVrjDnAQjB16BAgBEAMurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwallpapercave.com%2Ferik-killmonger-wallpaperspsig=AOvVaw1LNbigHKZnILpE7IqTfoTWust=1544569743623887 Work cited Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party by Kathleen Cleaver and George Katsiaficas , published 2001 Huey P. Newton with the Assistance of J. Herman Blake Revolutionary Suicide by Fredrika Newton, published 2009 Black Panther Movie, Disney and Marvel Films Directed by Ryan Coogle written by Ryan Coolger, Joe Robert Cole 2018 Review â€Å"Black Panther† Shakes up the Marvel Universe by Manohla Dargis Feb. 6 2018

Why the Formation of Ionic Compounds Is Exothermic

Why the Formation of Ionic Compounds Is Exothermic Have you ever wondered why the formation of ionic compounds is exothermic? The quick answer is that the resulting ionic compound is more stable than the ions that formed it. The extra energy from the ions is released as heat when ionic bonds form. When more heat is released from a reaction than is needed for it to happen, the reaction is exothermic. Understand the Energy of Ionic Bonding Ionic bonds form between two atoms with a large electronegativity difference between each other. Typically, this is a reaction between metals and nonmetals. The atoms are so reactive because they do not have complete valence electron shells. In this type of bond, an electron from one atom is essentially donated to the other atom to fill its valence electron shell. The atom that loses its electron in the bond becomes more stable because donating the electron results in either a filled or half-filled valence shell.  The initial instability is so great for the alkali metals and alkaline earths that very little energy is required to remove the outer electron (or 2, for the alkaline earths) to form cations. The halogens, on the other hand, readily accept the electrons to form anions. While the anions are more stable than the atoms, its even better if the two types of elements can get together to solve their energy problem. This is where ionic bonding occurs. To really understand whats going on, consider the formation of sodium chloride (table salt) from sodium and chlorine. If you take sodium metal and chlorine gas, salt forms in a spectacularly exothermic reaction (as in, dont try this at home). The balanced ionic chemical equation is: 2 Na (s) Cl2 (g) → 2 NaCl (s) NaCl exists as a crystal lattice of sodium and chlorine ions, where the extra electron from a sodium atom fills in the hole needed to complete a chlorine atoms outer electron shell. Now, each atom has a complete octet of electrons. From an energy standpoint, this is a highly stable configuration. Examining the reaction more closely, you might get confused because: The loss of an electron from an element is always endothermic (because energy is needed to remove the electron from the atom. Na → Na 1 e- ΔH 496 kJ/mol While the gain of an electron by a nonmetal is usually exothermic (energy is released when the nonmetal gains a full octet). Cl 1 e- → Cl- ΔH -349 kJ/mol So, if you simply do the math, you can see forming NaCl from sodium and chlorine actually requires the addition of 147 kJ/mol in order to turn the atoms into reactive ions. Yet we know from observing the reaction, net energy is released. Whats happening? The answer is that the extra energy that makes the reaction exothermic is the lattice energy. The difference in the electrical charge between the sodium and chlorine ions causes them to be attracted to each other and move toward one another. Eventually, the oppositely charged ions form an ionic bond with each other. The most stable arrangement of all the ions is a crystal lattice. To break the NaCl lattice (the lattice energy) requires 788 kJ/mol: NaCl (s) → Na Cl- ΔHlattice 788 kJ/mol Forming the lattice reverses the sign on the enthalpy, so ΔH -788 kJ per mole. So, even though it take 147 kJ/mol to form the ions, much more energy is released by lattice formation. The net enthalpy change is -641 kJ/mol. Thus, the formation of the ionic bond is exothermic. The lattice energy also explains why ionic compounds tend to have extremely high melting points. Polyatomic ions form bonds in much the same way. The difference is that you consider the group of atoms that forms that cation and anion rather than each individual atom.

Case Study The global pharmaceutical industry Coursework

Case Study The global pharmaceutical industry - Coursework Example Consequently, the pharmaceutical market acquired some remarkable character. Management was in the hands of medical practitioners while patients and payers had little awareness or authority. Thus, medical practitioners were inconsiderate to the costs however receptive to the sales endeavors of individual agents. This made possible several 'me too' drugs to realize significant profits on investment. It resulted in imitating well-known medicines that cut R&D risk considerably, while the market- place was exposed to products offering slight advantages for example a more suitable dosage type or fewer side effects, although with much the same beneficial effect. There were two major developments in the 1970s in the pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the Thalidomide tragedy in sickness caused birth defects, initiated much tighter regulatory rules on clinical trials. Secondly, laws were endorsed to establish a permanent period on patent protection - usually 20 years from first report as a research invention. This produced the emergence of 'generic' drugs. Generics however have precisely the same dynamic constituents as the original brand, and vie on price. The influence of generic application is exemplified by Bristol Myers Squibb's brand Glucophage, a cure for diabetes, which produced US sales of $2.1bn in 2001. After the termination of the patent in January 2002, brand sales fell to $69m for the first quarter. Generics legislation had a significant influence on the industry, providing motivation for improvement and for a competitive market. The time during which R&D costs could be recouped was drastically curtailed, putting upward pressure o n prices. The introduction of generics, however, was very beneficial for society: valuable medicines became extremely cheap. Indeed, health economists have estimated that the social returns from pharmaceutical R&D exceed that appropriated by firms by at least 50 to 100 per cent. By the end of the 1970s generic entrants and more stringent controls on clinical trials had led to substantial increases in R&D spending. Pharmaceutical Industry Environmental Forces: An Introduction The pharmaceutical industry is remarkable in that a number of countries of the world are dependent on a 'monopsony' - there is in fact only one dominant buyer i.e. the government. In the 1980s, governments all

Candide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Candide - Essay Example Most of these Barons perverted justice because they had unfettered powers. Dr. Pangloss represented philosophers of that generation. Dr. Pangloss believed in logic steeped in divine providence. Dr. Pangloss position discouraged effort. It allowed people to accept things as they were and live with them. This position discouraged science and development in the society. James the Antabaptist depicted the fact that idealistic religion caused good people to suffer whilst bad people enjoyed life. This was a fundamental questioning of the essence of religion. This is shown by the fact that even though James did many good things by healing Dr. Pangloss, sharing the little he had and even rescuing the drowning man, he drowned in the stead of the person he sought to save. On the other hand, the bad person who was rescued got a new lease in life and went to loot from the rubles of the Lisbon earthquake. Candide, Ms Cunegund and the Old Woman were just helpless victims of the society who suffered because of the injustices of the European society. The institutions satirized included the Catholic Church which supported the oppressive system of Europe. The Old Woman was the daughter of a Pope. Protestants in Germany had a belief in divine providence which stood in the way of independent thinking. Protestants in Holland had a strong hatred for the Pope and this led to war. Atheists were seen as people who did not believe in anything but enjoyed life. States like Germany, Portugal, Ottoman Empire and Britain were depicted as unjust and disrespectful of human rights. They supported extrajudicial killing, slavery, war and many inhumane practices. Candides travels show the different trends in Europe like the injustices perpetrated in wars in Europe. In Holland, Voltaire shows evidence of anti-Catholicism, pure capitalism and lack of social security systems. In Lisbon,

Distillation Column Essay Example for Free

Distillation Column Essay The components that need to be separated are 1-propanol and 2-propanol. These two compounds are isomers with fairly close boiling points. They are separated based on their physical propertis. With the battch distillation might be almost impossible to do the sepapration. Capacity of the reboiler is 20 L. The Supply of pressure and steam is regulated by a newly-established controll system consisting of a steam pressure sensor, a Fieldpoint data communication and aquisition module from National Instrument, an electromagnetic control valve, and a LabView control algorithm designed by dr. Jang. The data was taken frm one of the six computers near the column which had the control algorithm. The Fieldpoint module needed to be connected with the column via Internet. In this column at different stages there are 10 thermocouples (K type) inserted in each tray. Manual steam valve open 40%. Proportional gain or band (Kc) 2 Integral (reset) time ( Ti min) 0. 2 Derivative (rate) time (Td min) 0 Steam pressure set at 9 psig. Used Peng Robinson model Inside the column, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and condensation of the upflowing vapors thereby increasing the efficacy of the distillation column. The more reflux is provided for a given number of distilaliton plates, the better is the columns separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Conversely, for a given desired separation, the more reflux is provided, the fewer distillation plates are required as in our cases 8 plates. A reboiler at the bottom of the distillation column provides the heat needed to generate the upflowing vapors inside the column. The reboiler can be a heat exchanger. Fig. 1 The liquid feed mixture to be distilled 1 propol and 2 propanol is placed into the round-bottomed flask along. As the mixture is heated and boils, vapor rises up the column. Some of the vapor cools and condenses on the glass platforms (known as plates or trays) inside the column and runs back down into the liquid below, thereby refluxing the upflowing distillate vapor. The hottest tray is at the bottom of the column and the coolest tray is at the top. At steady state conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray is at equilibrium. Only the most volatile with hte lowest boiling temperature of the vapors stays in gaseous form all the way to the top. The vapor at the top of the column then passes into the water-cooled condenser, where it condenses into a liquid. The process continues until all of the most volatile components in the liquid feed boil out of the mixture. When a liquid mixture 1 propanol and 2 propanol is heated so that it boils, the evolved vapor will have a higher concentration of the more volatile 2 propanol (i. e. , lower boiling point) components than the liquid mixture from which it evolved. Conversely, when a vapor mixture is cooled, the less volatile components tend to condense in a greater proportion than the more volatile components. The heated feed is partially vaporized and rises up the column. However, as it rises, it cools by contacting the descending cooler liquid and partially condenses so that, while part of vapor continues to flow upward, the condensed portion is enriched in the less volatile component(s) and flows downward. As the vapor continues to flow upward, it undergoes partial condensation a number of times and each time becomes richer in the more volatile component). The column is kept at steady state temperatures, pressures, and compositions at every point within the column are essentially kept constant during operation.

Recollection in Platos Phaedo and Meno Essay -- Philosophy Religion E

Recollection in Plato's Phaedo and Meno As the earliest philosopher from whom we have written texts, Plato is often misrepresented as merely reproducing Socratic rhetoric. In Meno, one of the first Platonic dialogues, Plato offers his own unique philosophical theory, infused with his mentor's brilliant sophistry. Amidst discussing whether or not virtue can be taught, Meno poses a difficult paradox: How can one be virtuous, or seek virtue, when one cannot know what it is? "How will you aim to search for something you do not know at all?" (Plato, Meno, 80d). From this question, Plato purposes a solution, that knowledge must be recollected from the soul. When the soul enters the world of space and time, Plato suggests, it carries some prior knowledge of forms; that is to say, the soul "remembers" its knowledge of unchangeable truths. (Meno, 81c-d). Thus follows the conclusion that education cannot teach knowledge, but rather aids a student to recall what the soul already knows. Plato notes, however, that although the body is capable of recollecting knowledge (of forms), it is... Recollection in Plato's Phaedo and Meno Essay -- Philosophy Religion E Recollection in Plato's Phaedo and Meno As the earliest philosopher from whom we have written texts, Plato is often misrepresented as merely reproducing Socratic rhetoric. In Meno, one of the first Platonic dialogues, Plato offers his own unique philosophical theory, infused with his mentor's brilliant sophistry. Amidst discussing whether or not virtue can be taught, Meno poses a difficult paradox: How can one be virtuous, or seek virtue, when one cannot know what it is? "How will you aim to search for something you do not know at all?" (Plato, Meno, 80d). From this question, Plato purposes a solution, that knowledge must be recollected from the soul. When the soul enters the world of space and time, Plato suggests, it carries some prior knowledge of forms; that is to say, the soul "remembers" its knowledge of unchangeable truths. (Meno, 81c-d). Thus follows the conclusion that education cannot teach knowledge, but rather aids a student to recall what the soul already knows. Plato notes, however, that although the body is capable of recollecting knowledge (of forms), it is...

How health and saftey is moniterd and maintained Essay

Assessment Criteria The learner can: 1. Describe the factors to take into account when planning healthy and safe indoor and outdoor environments and services. There are many factors to consider when planning a healthy and safe indoor or outdoor activity. Such as: How old is the child What abilities has the child, do they have any special needs The function and purpose of the service to the child The duty of care to the child The desire outcomes for the child Specific risks to individuals, such as pregnancy, sensory impairments Lines of responsibility and accountability It is important when an activity is planned that you choose the best environment for it to take place. E.G. if I planning a bike riding activity: The appropriate place for this to take place would be outside, not indoors due to lack of space etc. I would also need to be aware of weather because it is an outdoor activity and rain or fine, hot or cold need different considerations and equipment sometimes resulting in the activity being changed or alternative given. I would consider the age and abilities of the child and male sure the correct bike was chosen checking it was in good safe working order. I would check that the area that was going to be ridden on was and even surface suitable for bike riding and free from obstacles including passing cars and vehicles that might interfere with a safe ride. I would check the child understood that they could only ride in agreed area where i can observe them at all times. I would ensure that there was constant supervision of the child throughout the activity, making sure enough staff were available to meet these needs. That the child has the correct safety equipment (gloves, helmet etc†¦) I would evaluate and consider every risk and avoid them as far a possible but be aware that it is not always possible to control certain risk. 2. Explain how health and safety is monitored and maintained and how people in the work setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely Health and safety is monitored and maintained by: Routine health and safety checks and assessments to be completed by all appropriate members off staff. Staff completing their assessment/and or checklist for all activities,inside,outside, during visits, trips and outings All staff receive good tanning in health and safety and are aware off company policies and procedures. All staff understand how to complete risk assessments and record accurately as well as being able to record + report accidents and incidents. Checking that police and procedures are reviewed regularly Making sure everyone in the setting are aware off risk + hazards, this could be by induction training of staff, also buy further training to staff. By making sure that children receive safety education in a way that their age and ability understand There should be a designated h&s officer in your workplace The officer should make regular checks of your work place If and risk are seen and there are concerns, we have a communication book, intranet and team meetings to discuss. Put up warning signs if needed 3. Understand how to support children and young people to assess and manage risk for themselves. Any activity a child does involes some sort of risk, but if well organized and planned, and risked considered then risk of accident or injury should be greatly reduced. It is really important when thinking about risk assessments not to over protect a child. To give a child life skills they have to learn to manage some risks by themselves and need to know their own limitations and boundaries. It is therefore necessary for staff etc not to over protect a child, but allow them as safely as possible to release and understand specific risks and giving them the ability to recognize risk and choose for themselves without guidance. Every child is an individual with their own age, set of specific needs and abilities. All of this must always be considered in anything to do with the child including activates. The different needs of families and careers must be considered Make sure it is understood why you are using the environment chosen, what the child might expect from the activity. You must always have the child’s safety and welfare considered first when  arranging an activity. It is a legal obligation for you to provide a duty of care to the child. Outcomes from the activity such as skills learnt, pleasure and enjoyment and independence, must be weighed up against risk, and these aims and objectives identified as being suitable for the child concerned. How long the child is going to be at the setting Which areas of the setting they have access to Risk assesses activities and the environment, making sure it is suitable for the all the children involved and take extra care when a child has a disability and also with new activities. 4. Explain how current health and safety legislation, policies and procedures are implemented In own work setting or service. All staff follow the standards of the Health and Safety at work Act 1974. It is the employer’s responsibility to put policies and procedures into place that meet these standards. It is the employees responsibility to follow and work by these policies and procedures By making sure: All staff have CRB checks, induction training, regular training sessions and supervisions. All equipment is stored appropriately and regularly checked to make sure it is safe and fit for purpose. The needs and abilities of all children are met through maintaining adequate facilities and environment Hazards materials and equipment is locked away and COSHH procedures followed. Gloves are used when dealing with body fluid to prevent cross infection Systems are in place to ensure safety of children at all times i.e. fire, accidents and illness procedures including reporting and recording. Staff are trained in first aid and able to deal with minor injuries There are adequate first aid boxes and fire extinguishers in correct place Staff are given guidance and training on how to protect themselves, including manual handling and restraint Staff attend regular mandatory courses on health and safety, food hygiene, first aid administering medication and restraint (team teach). Staff attend regular staff meetings to keep up with any safety issues and updates Regular risks assessments are carried out and updated

Compare and Contrast Readings Essay

You have suffered before as I have suffered, maybe not exactly as me, but you have experienced a type of suffering. Mary Rowlandson shows us what suffering is in her book called â€Å" A Narrative of the Captivity,† by creating a character who loses her six year old child due to an attack in her town Lancaster and constantly being moved. Another author, Olaudah Equiano, writes a story about another type of suffering in his book â€Å" The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano,† by telling readers about him being kidnapped directly from his home and being brought into slavery. By reading these excerpts readers can see different types of suffering and how the characters handle them. â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† articulates suffering better because there are events that most people would know about and tells how people around him are dealing with the changes. Equiano’s narrative takes place in the 1800s, when slavery started to become popular. He talks of his self becoming a slave when he was just a kid. After, serving as a slave for different people in Africa, being detached from his family, and getting shipped off to stay a slave but in a fortune country, he did not become belligerent. â€Å"I did not know what this could mean, and indeed I thought these people were full of nothing but magical arts,† (Equiano 59). Equiano thinking the men that are about to enslave him are full of magic proves how young he is, too young to be a slave. A child being a slave for the rest of his or her life is a horrific way to spend one’s childhood. He has suffered all of his life, beginning with the day he was taken away from his home but after all this he did not seek revenge, he became an author. Rowlandson’s narrative speaks on the American Indians being removed from their native land by English people. When a reader starts reading the excerpt, one might think it is only about a woman losing her children but  once you look at the details you will see how the events she describes relate to the event of Americans kicking American Indians off their land. â€Å"The occasion (as I thought) of their moving at this time, was, the English army, it being near and following them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rowlandson 39). The reason why readers did not know of the event from the start of the story is because the main character did not know why either. The quote gives us confirmation that the moving to different places is because of the â€Å"English army,† Americans, taking over their property . Both of these authors did a great job at helping readers view different types of suffering and how people handled it. Mary Rowlandson, the main character handles the suffering of losing her children and her home by staying connected with God, as I would. Olaudah Equiano, the main character of â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano,† suffers by getting stolen from his home and brought into slavery. By looking at how Equiano deals with being a slave, it is like he just accepts what is happening and does not try to change it. Although Olaudah Equiano does not do much to change his life as a slave, he does a better job at explaining his sufferings to a point where people can relate or know a little background of the event.

The Global Sullivan Principles †Ethics Paper

The Global Sullivan Principles – Ethics Paper Free Online Research Papers The Global Sullivan Principles Ethics Paper The original Sullivan Principles were developed by a Baptist Minister named Reverend Leon Sullivan. He established the principles as a code of conduct for human rights and equal opportunity for companies operating in South Africa. The original Sullivan Principles were designed to help persuade U.S. companies with investments in South Africa to treat their South African employees with the same regard as they do their American colleagues and friends. At the time of the development of the original Sullivan Principles in 1977, Reverend Sullivan was the first African American appointed to the Board of Directors of General Motors. During this time, General Motors was the leading employer of blacks in South Africa; therefore Sullivan decided to use his position on the Board of Directors to apply economic pressure to end an unjust system of segregation. On three different occasions, Reverend Sullivan was able to bring 25 top CEO’s from around the world together for a private summit to discuss ending apartheid in South Africa. At the end of the summit all 25 companies were behind Sullivan’s efforts to end apartheid. The results of these meetings have been known as one of Reverend Sulli van’s most important accomplishments which in return broke the back of apartheid in South Africa and led to its independence and the presidency of Nelson Mandela. At the request of world and industry leaders, in 1999 Reverend Sullivan re-launched the principles in what is now known as the Global Sullivan Principles for Corporate Social Responsibility. At a special meeting, Sullivan had the UN Secretary-General formally introduce the new principles to the corporate world. As per the preamble of the Global Sullivan Principles, they were established to urge companies to do the following: 1. Support economic, social and political justice by companies where they do business. 2. Support human rights and encourage equal opportunity at all levels of employment, including racial and gender diversity on decision making committees and boards. 3. To train and advance disadvantaged workers for technical, supervisory and management opportunities. 4. To assist with greater tolerance and understanding among peoples; thereby helping to improve the quality of life for communities, workers and children with dignity and equality. (The Global Sullivan Principles, Preamble) These newly formed Principles call for multinational companies to play a much larger role in the advancement of human rights and social justice. Reverend Sullivan invites all companies, no matter what size or type of business, to become an endorser of the Principles. If a company wishes to be associated with the Principles, they are expected to provide information which publicly demonstrates its commitment to the principles. Each endorser of the Principles must take part in an annual reporting process, which documents their process of bringing social responsibility to life. These reports are displayed on the Global Sullivan Principles website. As I read through the list of endorsers of the Global Sullivan Principles, I was excited to see the City of Houston listed as one. Research Papers on The Global Sullivan Principles - Ethics PaperOpen Architechture a white paperMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Three Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Easy Methods to Arrange a Classroom

Easy Methods to Arrange a Classroom Classroom arrangement is one of the key decisions that teachers need to make when they begin a new teaching year. A few of the items that need to be decided include where to place the teacher desk, how to place the student desks, and whether or not to use seating charts. Where to Place the Teacher Desk Teachers typically place their desk to the front of the classroom. However, there is nothing that says that this is the way it has to be. While being in the front of the class affords the teacher a good view of the students faces, there are advantages to placing the desk in the back of the classroom. For one thing, by being in the back of the classroom, the teacher has less of a chance of blocking the students view of the board. Additionally, less motivated students will choose to sit in the back of the class even though the teachers desk is placed in the back. Finally, if a student needs help from the teacher, they might feel less intimated by not being on show in front of the classroom. Classroom Arrangement of Student Desks After placing the teachers desk, the next step is to decide how you will arrange student desks. There are four main arrangements that you can choose from. You can set up desks into straight lines. This is the normal way in which student desks are set up. In a typical class, you might have five rows of six students. The benefit of this is that it affords the teacher the ability to walk between the rows. The negative is that it doesnt really allow for collaborative work. If you are going to have students often work in pairs or teams you will be moving the desks a lot.A second way to arrange desks is in a large circle. This has the benefit of providing ample opportunity for interaction but hinders the ability to utilize the board. It can also be challenging when having the students take quizzes and tests in that it is easier for students to cheat.Another method of classroom arrangement is to have students sit in pairs, with two desks touching each other. The teacher can still walk down the rows helping students, and there is a greater chance for collaboration to occur. The board is still available for use. However, a couple of issues can arise including interpersonal problems and cheating concerns. The fourth method to arrange student desks is in groups of four. Students face each other, providing them ample opportunity for teamwork and collaboration. However, some students might find they are not facing the board. Further, there can be interpersonal issues and cheating concerns. Most teachers opt to use rows for their students but have them move into the other arrangements if a specific lesson plan calls for it. Just be aware that this can take time and can be loud for adjoining classrooms. Seating Charts The final step in classroom arrangement is to decide how you are going to deal with where students sit. When you dont know the students coming in, you typically do not know which students should not be seated next to each other. Therefore, there are a couple of ways to set up your initial seating chart. One way that you can arrange students is alphabetical. This is a simple way that makes sense and can help you learn student names.Another method for seating charts is to alternate girls and boys. This is another simple way to divide out a class.One way that many teachers choose is to allow students to choose their seats. Then you as a teacher mark this down and it becomes the seating chart.The final option is to have no seating chart at all. Realize, however, that without a seating chart you lose a bit of control and you also lose a powerful way to help you learn student names. No matter which seating chart option you choose, make sure that you reserve the right to change the seating chart at any time in order to keep order in your classroom. Also, realize that you start the year without a seating chart and then decide partway through the year to implement one, this can cause some issues with students.

Business Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Plan - Term Paper Example The company which was initially formed as a sole proprietorship has the legal name Cellular Providers, LLC. Its majority shareholder and initiator is Nick Otieno. The company was initially capitalized by first round investors to a tune of $60,000. The company has created a niche as a one stop shop for wireless services with employees with a vast experience in the industry. Their sales and distribution channels are sophisticated and successful. They maintain a variety of services and accessories. Cellular providers are positioned as a major player in both cellular and a two way radio service market place. With the variety in competition in either extreme high or low the company will survive by employing new technology as a cutting edge. The company is required to comply with various rules and regulations among the various agencies. The company is legally registered locally with operating license. In addition, it employs well qualified staff who it handles with a lot of ethics. Form the market analysis by the firm the major segments of their clients are personal users taking the largest share followed by General Business users and the smallest users are the specialty business users. To its clients the company provides products and services that the other competitors in the industry are not able to provide hence competitive edge for survival. (McKeever, 2002) Cellular providers have developed its sales and marketing strategies through the analysis of its internal strengths while comparing the same with the current market conditions. This has enabled the firm to formulate its sales and marketing strategies in a way that it is able to create itself a niche hence enhanced competitive advantage. The appropriate strategy has enabled the firm be the leading provider of wireless products and strategies. The company is able to create a synergistic power through critical mass and brand recognition. Its current marketing strategy is that which involves the company

Godfather Death and Rappaccini's Daughter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Godfather Death and Rappaccini's Daughter - Essay Example According to him, Death was the best choice because it did not discriminate on any person. Similarly, in ‘Rappaccini's Daughter’, there Giovanni is fascinated about nature’s flowers and them that he gets wing of Beatrice â€Å"Rappaccini's Daughter†. Therefore, the two works above shows or portrays the elements that are found within nature and how they would be handled. â€Å"Godfather Death" makes death as its evidence while whereas â€Å"Rappaccini's Daughter† makes use of the beautiful flowers. The two evidences used are a representative of nature (Smith). This article gives an account of two men who are determined to change the wrong things that are within their society. They feel that some people are being mistreated and that this needs change. This is shown by their actions that serve to facilitate administration of fairness and elimination of mistreatments. Part two The selected works look at a natural aspect that is found within the two sett ings. In finding a godfather for his son, the father has three choices form which he must come up with one. This is in relation to the knowledge of father on the three aspects that are found within nature. Similarly, in â€Å"Rappaccini's Daughter† the flowers and the garden represent nature and the flowers that are found with it. Therefore, this is a reflection of nature and the views of two men about nature aspects. Giovanni marvels at the garden and all its vegetation and as he goes on further into the garden, he notices that doctor Rappaccini is focusing on some flowers. He finds out that Beatrice is watching over the flowers, and he decides to change this aspect. According to him, Beatrice had been blessed with beauty and needed to be treated with care (Smith). Giovanni compared Beatrice with a flower that needed care in regard to treatment. For instance, she needed glove and a mask when being handled. Contrary, to this, her father made her watch over the flowers that he adored so much within the garden. He goes to her and leads her to the house. On the other hand, the father of the son had three aspects that qualified to be candidates for the position of a godfather for the son. The father goes on to look at all the three aspects in details by looking at their negative sides. On the aspect of God, the father says that God cannot be chosen as a Godfather because he brought poverty to the world. God created poverty for the world, and as a result, many people are suffering. The other aspect that was looked at was the acts of the devil on earth. Likewise, the devil did not qualify because of the evil things and actions that were associated with him. Finally, the father settles for death because it did not discriminate people in its actions. Death would befall the poor and even the rich without considering their status in the society. The son follows all that death required him to do until when he felt that something was not going right, and because of that, he decided to go against those requirements of Godfather Death. This is in relation to the sickness that he saw within people. According to him, this was unacceptable, and that is the reason that made him disobey orders given out by death. The paragraphs above gives an account of two men who go against forces of nature because they feel that their actions are unfair to people. In the case of Beatrice, Rappaccini's Daughter, it was not right to keep her outside to watch over flowers as her father made h

Rhetorical Analysis of Commercial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rhetorical Analysis of Commercial - Essay Example The quality of the advertisements encourages brand consumption since the main characters in the ad enjoy coke at all times. Background music featured in the ad in different seven languages shows the diversity of the American people. This shows that people of America speak different languages but consume the same Coca Cola products in a show of unity in consumption of products. Therefore, the general message of the ad reflects the essential social values that Coca Cola consider when releasing products to the American people. The commercial ad also features people in various landscapes such as the shores of the Pacific and the Southwest desert, cafes and cityscapes as they enjoy taking coke. It provides pictures of the real livelihoods of the people from different ethnicity, religion, families and races in the US. That is why the aim of this commercial is to show that Coke brand is for all the people of America. In addition, it promotes optimism amongst Americans that Coke brand is a binding factor between races and religion since both consume the same quality, quantity and brand across

Attempt To Allocate Resources Effectively Economics Essay

Attempt To Allocate Resources Effectively Economics Essay The paper discusses different types of economic systems like socialism, state economy, and other economic systems, assesses how each economic system attempts to allocate resources effectively, explains the UK government policies (namely monetary, fiscal, social, and competitive policies) and assesses the impact of all the above-mentioned policies on a chosen UK based organization. The paper describes market structure types (namely, perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and other market structures. Finally, the paper explains the ways market structures define the output and pricing strategies of the companies P4: Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively Throughout the history, the term capitalism has been closely associated with other related notions, including: market capitalism, laissez-faire (pure capitalism), economic liberalism, private enterprise etc (Kumar 1978). Capitalism transformed feudalism in the Western world, namely Britain, from where it had flourished throughout Europe predetermining economic, cultural and political developments of the then society. Later on, over the 19th and 20th centuries, capitalism formed the grounds of industrialization (Saunders 1995). Nevertheless, namely the eighteenth century became crucial in the foundation of capitalism concept after the first economic school was established in Britain. The school has produced much of the fundamental thought in the field of classical political economy supported by the invaluable contributions of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Jean-Baptiste Say, John Stuart Mill and others, who thoroughly researched various ways goods were produced, distributed and exchanged under market conditions. Namely, those classical thoughts have set the foundations of the contemporary perception of capitalism (Slideshare.net 2007). During 1930-s, John Maynard Keynes had a tremendous influence on the notion of capitalism and the role of monetary policy. The British economist emphasized on the important functions of monetary policy within economic policy. Keynes claimed that the economic mode particular to the capitalist society could sustain its indefinite equilibrium even in spite of high unemployment. At t hat, during the 1930s Keynesian approach to economics assumed that laissez-faire capitalist economics was self-sufficient and did not need any intervention from a state to cut down unemployment or boost aggregate demand. Furthermore, Keynes suggested pump-priming approach to save the economy from recession in the period of economic down-turn, which involved increase in government borrowing and spending as well as cutting-down taxes. In such a way, Keynes put forward his idea of cutting real wages through the system of their control from the state and deterring from holding money during inflation. This indicates that Keynes much favored state regulation as an effective tool to eliminate economic slowdown. Actually, Keynesian policies enabled the capitalism recovery afterwards the state of the Great Depression (Friedman 1970). The contemporary academic research on the concept of capitalism is largely grounded on neoclassical economics and the relevant approaches developed by the Chicago School. The modern perception of capitalism therefore favors neutral government regulation and coordination of markets with the focus being placed on property rights maintenance; deregulation of labor markets; promotion of corporate governance by private owners; development of transparent financial systems with capital market-based financing in their core. Milton Friedman, known as a dedicated follower of Adam Smiths thinking, claimed that within the framework of free competition, social responsibility becomes an integral part of business activity. Herewith, Friedman showed that self-interest is able to benefit the contemporary society (Friedman, 1970).The major distinctive features of capitalist society were pointed out throughout the 20th century while experts compared and contrasted due system with the centrally planned economic system. In due respect, capitalism has always enabled consumers with free choice, while producers were able to satisfy a consumer demand. By contrast, in the planned economies the production was entirely controlled and directed by a hierarchically-led state policy. Thus, capitalism alone has achieved sufficient delivery of goods and services through the privatization of previously state-owned means of production and infrastructural objects. In addition to this, the notion of capitalism is closely associated with the abolishment of subsidies and free trade wherein capitalist society is prone to perform both rational and irrational actions that are often unpredictable. Namely the last 25 years of the previous century showed the increasing trend towards overall mobilization of capital and human resources. Globalization alone has opened a new avenue for the development of both capitalist and non-capitalist models. Today, capitalism is regarded by many as world system featured by all the peculiarities of capitalist trade. Analysts state that such perception of capitalism dates back to the early 20th century imperialism. Following the same fashion, imperialistic policies emphasized on the promotion of capitalistic principles of free trade among countries. Taking the abovementioned features of the contemporary capitalism into account, it is noteworthy that along with many positive effects global capitalism has caused the state of global inequality in income rates, social security, access to strategic resources, and redistribution of world capital. In due respect, since the times of the Industrial Revolution there have been considerable changes boosted by economic growth in such areas as life expectancy, access to educational resources and information and communication technologies, literacy, infant mortality, child labor etc. By and large, global capitalist economy has been dramatically shifted by the invention and fast application of telecommunications within the last thirty years. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have enabled most of the business transactions in virtually any part of the globe (Evans 1997). Overall, capitalism promotes economic growth and social standard of living measured by GDP. According to Adam Sm ith, free market alone allocates necessary resources and controls production and price, which is particular to the contemporary world capitalist system. Furthermore, capitalist economy, if compared to conventional economic systems and feudal or socialist societies, provides vast opportunities to raise individual income while engaging in new professions or launching private business ventures, for example. As Milton Friedman puts it, competitive capitalism leads to economic freedom and subsequently to the political one where there is no place for the centralized control of economic activity or political repression from the state. Conversely, the variety of market economy transactions causes wide diversity of activities and/or their free choice. In accordance with John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich Hayek, capitalism is a reflection of economic freedom which is essential for social survival and development (Bellamy 2003). Thus, many capitalism supporters claim that namely the decentralized system of coordination is the most powerful feature of capitalism. Particularly, the decentralization of economic processes leads to free competition and optimal solutions to the arising challenges. Even the slightest control from then state, according to the Austrian School thinkers, can potentially cause serious inefficiencies since economy then becomes unpredictable in the long-term perspective. One of the major causes of the Great Depression, for instance, was the immense interventionist policy led by the Federal Reserve. Today we understand capitalism as an economic system that assumes private ownership and control of wealth and the means of its production. In due respect, state ownership bears limited relation to the essence of capitalism. Both private individuals (entrepreneurs) and companies (corporations and small and medium-sized enterprises) own, operate, and trade capital and labor, as well as other resources for the sake of profit-making. In the contemporary conditions, capitalism is an indispensable component of market economy which entirely excludes any government intervention in the transactions that involve investments, income, production, distribution, cost and delivery of goods and services etc. Furthermore, labor as such is a distinguishing feature that characterizes capitalism in the contemporary conditions of fierce competition. Based on appropriate knowledge and skills, human resources are viewed as the most valuable asset by the majority of employers. Herewith, market rules make up a regulatory framework that determines economic developments in the contemporary capitalist state. In most instances, the role of a state is limited to the provision of relevant infrastructure and public goods. This indicates that economic developments are predominantly grounded on the so-called laissez-faire principle envisaging a minimum state intervention into the economy. Consequently, the contemporary notion of capitalism highlights the ultimate importance of the control over the means of production by private owners wherein the state role is mainly limited to the protection of property rights. However, such conclusion would be correct only from the pure capitalism viewpoint. By and large, the well-developed contemporary economies present a mixture of public and private ownership and therefore are reasonably referred to as the capitalist mixed economies, where both private capital and state serve their particular roles. In its essence, classic political economy  has is closely interconnected with classic liberal doctrine  that reduces governments economic  intervention  to the minimum. At that, economic and social realms were clearly distinguished, wherein state could provide necessary public goods and services (Lane and Ersson 2002). The phenomenon of globalization is considerably changing national economies. In many countries the transitive process from monopolistic regulation to the market economy principles requires much time and effort. P5: Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organizations and their activities   This section explains  the UK government policies (namely monetary, fiscal, social, and competitive policies) and assesses the impact of all the above-mentioned policies on a chosen UK based organization. Economic globalization from below is empirically implemented through transnational flows of investment and financial capital as well as transnational production and services networks. Overall, neo-liberal convergence assumes wide macroeconomic policies primarily focused on tight fiscal policies, monetary stability, trade liberalization, privatization, as well as liberalization of the domestic capital and financial system. The patterns of neo-liberal convergence grounded on Anglo-American capitalism assume sound interaction between government, banks and businesses, independence of central bank, equity financing of corporate sector, and strong positions of bond and stock markets. In accordance with the liberal globalization theory, the nation states are constraint from below as a result of transnational economic globalization. Trans-nationalization of production and services as well as the extended capital mobility intensify the market forces pressure on the national state policies and government authority regarding budget and account balance, as well as fiscal and financial policies, labor standards, investment regulations, and governance. Ohmae claims that the globalised world economy is featured by the increasing mobility in: (1) Investment flows through capital markets; (2) Industry developments through the operations of transnational corporations; (3) Information technology advances; and finally (4) Individual consumers (Ohmae 1995). In macroeconomic terms, the US recession in 2008 produced a modest aversive affect on UKs real GDP growth. Under the conditions of global economic growth slowdown, some countries (China, Australia and Sweden) have tightened their monetary/fiscal policies aiming to prevent inflation. Conversely, the United Kingdom has eased their monetary policies while reacting to the weakening economic growth. The domestic fiscal policies were aimed at the correlation of supply and demand, while the Government has managed relative inflation, interest rate differentials, moderate economic growth, deficits and debt as well as the countrys export competitiveness. The National Bank has managed to sustain a strong and highly-competitive exchange rate of the national currency compared to other major currencies. To attain this, the domestic fiscal policies were aimed at the correlation of supply and demand, while the Government has managed relative inflation, interest rate differentials, moderate economic growth, deficits and debt as well as the countrys export competitiveness. The government assigns various policies to achieve both internal and external balance goals. According to the Mundells framework of effective market classification, the authorities assign their policy instruments to obtain the greatest relative impact. Consequently, the net costs of the balance of payments will be eliminated. Simultaneously, fiscal and monetary policies are used to expand output. On the other hand, according to the Keynes assumptions claiming that fiscal policy is more direct and is featured by fewer time lags, fiscal policy has the greatest relative impact on the target and monetary policy and their effects on the balance of payments. Herewith, external balance is impacted by the increase in exports caused by non-domestic policies. In particular, faster growth overseas leads to the higher exports of the UK goods and services. Relative advancement in the UK competitiveness is due to the rise of relative foreign price as well as the appreciation in foreign exchange rates. The analysis of the relevance of Keynesian policy options to the todays UK economy suggests that the implementation of the Expenditure Changing Policy (ECP) is possible by means of re-inflation/deflation through fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policies. Prior to such implementation, however, it is vital to critically assess internal economic position of the UK. Alternatively, the application of Expenditure Switching Policy (ESP) is possible through such policy means as devaluation or revaluation. The implementation of ESP is possible outside the fixed exchange rate system and therefore not within the European Monetary Union. Finally, the implementation of Direct Controls (DC) is possible through tariffs, non- tariff barriers, and exchange controls. However, direct controls are abandoned by the mainstream policymakers considering the WTO trends as well as the free trade orthodoxy (Krugman and Obstfeld 2009). A holistic view of economy should be developed to incorporate internal and external balance policies. Loan-financed domestic investment programs should be vastly applied as the means to raise the level of unemployment within the British economy. Pump-priming approach should be applied to safeguard the countrys economy from the recession. This involves cutting-down taxes and the increase in government borrowing and spending. Real wages should be cut through the state control and deterrent from holding money over the inflation. The economic stabilization should be achieved through the strong position on unemployment decrease, interest rates rise, and management of internal and external currency. State regulation is the most effective means to prevent further economic slowdown for the UK economy. Ryanair is currently positioned as the Europes largest low fares airline. Ryanair is well-acknowledged brand wide and far as the worlds reputable and favoured airline which holds 37 bases and offers over 950 low-fare routes in 26 world countries. Strategically, the company connects some 150 destinations. The companys powerful fleet consists of 210 Boeing 737-800 aircrafts which number will increase in the foreseeable future (2-3 years) up to some 315 aircrafts (Ryanair 2012). All these and other staggering achievements and successes have become possible due to the effective marketing of services, as well as smart and loyal HR policies effectively applied by the corporate management which currently sustains and leads the impressive number of staff that exceeds 7,000 employees. Such internal competitive advantage enables the company to build up huge plans for the external operations. In 2012 fiscal year, the company intends to penetrate up to 66 m. passengers internationally. In 2011, Ryanairs showed 15% growth and reached 59m passengers. To sustain this positive tendency, the companys management has already arranged to deliver 18 new aircrafts and therefore increase its fleet capacity up to 181 Boeing 737-800 NG aircrafts. The company is due to open four new bases in Europe (including Bologna, Alghero, Edinburgh, and Cagliari), as well as to launch 223 new routes (Ryanair, 2012). P6: Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organization Over  the years of successful operation, Ryanair has established a strong and recognizable brand that enabled it to win a reputation of the company that loyally provides the passengers with the lowest air traffic fares. Hence, in marketing terms, the company has placed its major strategic focus on offering unbeatable prices and punctuality (Ryan Passenger Service Charter 2009). The overall corporate commitment therefore is concentrated on responsive air services and incomparable pricing options. This has made the company the number one international provider of low-cost air services. The companys main product (air services) is successful among its target markets due to the reasonably charged price. However, another core factor is the promotion of the companys services on the international markets. Herewith, statistics on the Ryanairs successful operations and its successful performance over the last two decades indicate that the company has smartly and effectively applied marketing mix to synergize its product offerings and win target markets internationally. The corporate marketing strategy with the marketing mix in its core helps the company to identify and critically evaluate its business opportunities, better concentrate on the core target markets, implement market segmentation, and conduct relevant marketing research on each stage of its operation. Ryanair marketing department considers the air services it provides in terms of: seasonal demand; affordability; economics; and branding. The dynamic pricing for the offered air services is calculated with the consideration of such strategic issues as: (1) Cost plus value added cost which is comparatively lower than those of competitors; (2) Price fluctuations with regard to the current demand; as well as (3) Optional seasonal discounts. Finally, namely owing to the promotional campaigns, Ryanair raises customer awareness while conveying its target messages via various media channels. This approach enables the company to explicitly identify its target markets and subsequently win them over from the companys main rivals. Most importantly, effective promotional strategy enabled Ryanair to make the brand recognizable and wanted among target markets. Thus, one of the main external competitive advantages consists in establishing a positive public opinion on the companys product (Kotler and Keller, 2005). The companys marketing mix involves the following strategic components: (1) The lowest affordable prices to all the passengers within all the routes operated by the company regardless of the ongoing competition on such routes; (2) Ryanair applies the fare guarantee known as Double the Difference to ensure that in case a passenger finds a lower rate provided by any of the companys competitors, the company repays the passenger with a double fare difference between the differing ticket prices providing such a passenger agrees to books a travel with Ryanair. Hence, Ryanair ensures passenger convenience by claiming that its passengers are always provided with the lowest fares on available the market for their journeys providing they book Ryanair services via corporate webpage www.Ryanair.com. Furthermore, in terms of open and comprehensive customer-oriented communication, Ryanair always ensures its passengers are well-informed about the applied terms and conditions with regard to the individually chosen fares (including, applicable fees, charges and taxes). The company ensures that passengers are always saved from any price increase and fuel surcharges. Furthermore, all Ryanairs passengers are guaranteed with immediate notifications with regard to any possible force-majeure circumstances, including cancellations, postponements, delays, diversions etc (Ryanair 2010). While effectively marketing its services, Ryanair is fully aware of social corporate responsibility before its stakeholders, staff, customers and environment. As the Europes largest low fares airline, Ryanair has achieved a steady growth in a sustainable and environmentally-friendly manner. Over the last decade, the company has made an enormous investment in the cutting-edge engine and aircraft technologies to reduce its CO2 emissions almost by half as well as the burnt fuel. Over 1998-2008, the company applied eco-friendly policies based on smart and effective commercial and operational decision-making approaches to eliminate the environmental impacts. Hence, the company is also highly- reputable with regard to the environmental efficiency. In 1999, Ryanair invested à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬17bn to advance its fleet replacement and expansion programme. As a result, 11Boeing 737-200 aircraft was substituted by Boeing 737-800,  referred to as the next aircraft generation. Such strategic step enabled Ryanair to position itself as the European youngest and most fuel-efficient aircraft fleet. The competitive and comparable advantage is that the company operates the youngest, safest, and most environmentally sustainable aircraft fleet in Europe (Ryanair 2009). Owing to the strong competitive advantages and smart service marketing, Ryanair managed to overcome numerous challenges posed by the global economic crisis and adverse affects of recession. More than that, Ryanair managed to increase its market share over the recent period of economic meltdown and recession. P7: Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses Competitive companies vastly apply marketing mix to combine product offerings to reach target markets. At that, product refers to physical products and services offered and provided on the marketplace. It is crucial to define right features of any product/service to make it successful, and therefore each component makes sense for the Banks sales success. As well as this, product/service means good quality and warranty, as well as a customers legal right to return it back to the selling organization in case of its incompliance to the initial customers requirements or/and expectations. Secondly, price is a sum of money (amount) paid for the product. Thirdly, place means the right location of a product, and that is why place also stands for distribution channel, including physical stores (supermarket) or/and Internet sites like e-Bay. Finally, promotion, as was already indicated, presents the most complicated and therefore important elements of marketing mix. This component is not only physical but predominantly psychological to impact customers decisions. Overall, promotion includes the whole variety of communications managed by a marketer may within the marketplace. Huge part of it belongs to media advertising and other means of mass influence (Lauterborn 1990). Herewith, along with identification of business opportunities, selection of target market, market segmentation, and market research marketing mix represents a part of a companys marketing strategy. At that, product component should consider: product life cycle, design (aesthetics), function, economics, environmental impact, packaging, branding. In turn, price is based on the one of the following pricing strategies: cost plus (addition of value added cost); price skimming (charging high initial price in order to recoup the development costs); premium pricing (the price is set out by the high-quality brand); dynamic pricing (constant change of prices depending on current demand); and discriminatory pricing (different prices (discounts) are charged to different customers for the same product). And finally promotion, which is generally aimed at raising customers awareness by conveying the message through media channels and identifying target market. At that, advertising methods may vary, including: sales promotion to support marketing process by applying free samples, competitions, gift coupons, trade promotions and other devices; and public relations, including establishing and maintaining sound public opinion regarding the product. Ryanair is a perspective player on the European air market that will further win new destinations and customers through the effective marketing and supplying customer-oriented services. Making up the marketing summary of Ryanair operation, most experts agree that the price has been always a decisive factor in customers choice among airlines. Ryanair managed to offer its passengers the lowest fare in Europe. Furthermore, this not solely lowest cost that attracts customers, but the whole range of convenient customer-oriented services that are rendered in effective, responsive and punctual manner. Next, compared to other European air carriers, the company gained a comparative advantage by having reduced oil cost. The companys aircraft capacity consisting of new generation Boeings as well as operation of new airports and bases enables to serve more than 100 million passengers a year. Continuous lead customer service in the industry combined with the falling oil charges and air fares altogether enabled Ryanair to prosper regardless of the global economic crisis and gain profits from its international operations. Therefore, there is all evidence to state that the company is sure to double its profits and traffic capacity by the end of 2012. Apparently, in the course of the next few years Ryanair will become the biggest and most demanded airline in Europe. In terms of service marketing, the company should further promote its well- established marketing mix concept. Furthermore, the companys leadership should add more technological options to make the customer services faster and more convenient. Such approach will help the company to penetrate new destinations and win larger market shares as well as target markets in the future. Ryanairs strategic positioning is designated by appropriate pricing techniques. Ryanairs strategic positioning is determined by the choice of appropriate pricing techniques. While emphasizing on high quality of its products, effective promotion and sound advertising, as well as value for money, the company applies competitive pricing strategy to ensure that the adjusted prices do not exceed those of the competitors (Kotler and Keller 2005). This strategic choice is reasonable and justified since regardless of individual taste preferences or any other essential factors, consumers regard product value as one of the most decisive factors while making their purchasing decisions. Therefore, Ryanair cannot apply skimming pricing technique in the course of designing and launching a new product. This technique can be applied under the conditions of inelastic demand (Boone and Kurtz 1992). In addition to the effectively applied competitive pricing strategy, Ryanair focuses on cost plus pricing which helps the company to maximize it profits. While accurately accounting all its costs, Ryanair reaches optimal supply and demand balance and well-balanced positioning on the market compared to its competitors. Alternatively, Ryanair applies positioning pricing to set up the prices with the consideration of demand-side concerns. Through polling and surveying its target markets, Ryanairs experts designate the optimal price range that would satisfy the majority of the consumers. This positioning technique is particularly applied to better sell Ryanairs services. Optimal trading also depends on the financial capacity of the demand-side. Therefore, Ryanair applies demand-based pricing to critically assess the purchasing power of the majority of its consumers. Only under such conditions the company is able to trade its services in accordance with the strategically planned volumes. Hence, selling at the customers price brings Ryanair profits, good reputation and positive feedback from the majority of its customers. Ryanair should develop new services and promote them domestically as well as internationally. Such service/market growth approach will ensure that the company has diversified range of products which are available and well-recognizable in many countries of the world (Ansoff 1965). Such strategic choice will provide the company with enormous comparative advantages over its competitors and will help it to better cope with the hurdles of the global economic crisis. However, considering the challenges of the global competitive markets, this strategy will not be suitable any longer. Hence Ryanair should transform it into more powerful and innovative global image. The variety of new high-quality and reasonably-priced services will add value to the business activity of Ryanair and will win new overseas markets for the company. This task would require the company to carefully design and develop innovative brands of its services which are not yet present on any of the foreign markets, and which will be potentially demanded by the consumers (Ansoff, 1957). While developing innovative products and penetrating overseas markets, Ryanair should initially consider the demand-side of its target markets. Among the most important criteria are the following: (1) Average income; (2) Average spending amount on one-time supermarket/store purchasing; (2) Average amount consumers are ready to spend on air services; (3) PESTLE analysis of the target market with the consideration of the adverse affects caused by the global economic meltdown; and (4) Porter analysis of the targeted market. Such wide coverage of strategic issues will win Ryanair competitive advantage and increase its share on the foreign markets. Ryanairs choice of the optimal marketing strategy should consider their chances of success in terms of market diversification. To reach optimal market diversification, the company should ensure that its new product adheres to the customers needs and preferences. Extensive market research will help Ryanair to explicitly identify its potential target markets for new services. Herewith, Ryanairs marketers should consider the following strategic factors: (1) Financial health of the targeted market; (2) Purchasing capacity of target market; (3) National and individual preferences of target market; (4) Previous experiences of target market in terms of purchasing the same services provided by competitor companies; (5) SWOT analysis in each individual case will ensure that Ryanair eliminates all the possible constraints to the minimum and transforms the threats into potential opportunities. Realistic and achievable strategic objectives should be set in accordance with the SMART approach whic

We Can Change the World :: Personal Narrative Writing

We Can Change the World I’ve been in many neighborhoods that were ugly and messy until one time in 1992 when we moved to Florence and Central. When I first saw this area, I felt scared and sad. I especially hated the black gate that made our street seem like a prison. The worst things were the bad neighborhoods, drugs, violence, and homeless people. On the first day, I could smell the aroma of old garbage mixed with beer and spoiled food. Just one sniff of that disgusting dump made me vomit until I had nothing left to exit. All the streets were dumped with pieces of garbage such as used diapers, used sanitary napkins, and dead rats. The streets were cleaned every day, but at the end of the day they were dirty again. One day while walking down the street, I found a dead dog that was thrown away like trash. I felt sad since that animal once had life and was probably killed for the fun of it. My new block was a disaster and I never saw any people around. The only people alive there were retired people. The retired people's houses were fortified with metal bars and high tech alarms. They wouldn't come out of their houses. They would just peek through their windows. It made me even more scared. I turned to my father, who had the bright idea to move here, and I begged him: "Dad, please don't move here." He turned around and said, "Honey we will bring sunshine to this place." After the third week of living there, I just hated the place. I saw two gangsters injecting drugs and sniffing a white substance. The next day, I saw about twenty used needles thrown in the alley. Then I turned around and saw two gangsters in back of me with bikes. They followed me, and I walked as fast as I could. My legs seemed like they were two old turtles. My heart was bumping like a D.J., and the blood was racing in my body. I felt like dying right on the spot. While I was in a rush, I saw a police car passing and the gangsters disappeared. I never saw them again. I also witnessed a young mother forcing her children to beg for money, so she could buy drugs. She injected herself while her children were crying for her. We Can Change the World :: Personal Narrative Writing We Can Change the World I’ve been in many neighborhoods that were ugly and messy until one time in 1992 when we moved to Florence and Central. When I first saw this area, I felt scared and sad. I especially hated the black gate that made our street seem like a prison. The worst things were the bad neighborhoods, drugs, violence, and homeless people. On the first day, I could smell the aroma of old garbage mixed with beer and spoiled food. Just one sniff of that disgusting dump made me vomit until I had nothing left to exit. All the streets were dumped with pieces of garbage such as used diapers, used sanitary napkins, and dead rats. The streets were cleaned every day, but at the end of the day they were dirty again. One day while walking down the street, I found a dead dog that was thrown away like trash. I felt sad since that animal once had life and was probably killed for the fun of it. My new block was a disaster and I never saw any people around. The only people alive there were retired people. The retired people's houses were fortified with metal bars and high tech alarms. They wouldn't come out of their houses. They would just peek through their windows. It made me even more scared. I turned to my father, who had the bright idea to move here, and I begged him: "Dad, please don't move here." He turned around and said, "Honey we will bring sunshine to this place." After the third week of living there, I just hated the place. I saw two gangsters injecting drugs and sniffing a white substance. The next day, I saw about twenty used needles thrown in the alley. Then I turned around and saw two gangsters in back of me with bikes. They followed me, and I walked as fast as I could. My legs seemed like they were two old turtles. My heart was bumping like a D.J., and the blood was racing in my body. I felt like dying right on the spot. While I was in a rush, I saw a police car passing and the gangsters disappeared. I never saw them again. I also witnessed a young mother forcing her children to beg for money, so she could buy drugs. She injected herself while her children were crying for her.